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U.S. Foreign Policy
in the Middle East
The Role of Lobbies and
Special Interest Groups
Janice J. Terry
Press
LONDON • ANN ARBOR, MI
P
Pluto
First published 2005 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Janice J. Terry 2005
The right Janice J. Terry to be identified as the author of this work
has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7453 2259 X hardback
ISBN 0 7453 2258 1 paperback
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by
Chase Publishing Services Ltd, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England
Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Printed and bound in Canada by Transcontinental Printing
Contents
Acknowledgements
vi
Abbreviations and Acronyms
vii
Introduction
1
1 The Libretto: Making Foreign Policy
4
2 The Score: Media and Popular Culture
14
3 The Stage Set: Images and Attitudes
22
4 Production Aspects: Lobby Techniques and Finances
29
5 An Overture: The Case of Cyprus
43
6 The Cast: Pro-Arab Lobbyists and Interest Groups
50
7 The Cast: Jewish Americans and Pro-Zionist Lobbies
68
8 Act One: The Ford Administration
82
9 A Major Production: The Arab Boycott Campaign
93
10 Act Two: The Carter Administration
110
11 Curtain Calls: Present and Future
122
Notes
128
Bibliographic Essay
150
Index
155
Acknowledgements
Many people and institutions contributed to making this book a
reality. The Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter Presidential Libraries and
their outstanding staffs were unfailingly helpful and forthcoming
with suggestions for further avenues of research and documentation.
At the Ford and Carter Presidential Libraries particular thanks go to
Drs. Don W. Wilson, David A. Horrocks and Dr. Don Schewe, Director,
and archivist, Dr. James A. Yancey, Jr., respectively. Eastern Michigan
University granted Faculty Research Leaves and a Sabbatical from
teaching to provide the blocks of time necessary for research and
writing. Dr. Gersham Nelson, Head of the EMU History and Philosophy
Department, also encouraged the project. I am also grateful for a
Grant-in-Aid award from the Rockefeller Archive Center to conduct
research in their extensive holdings.
The late Egyptian diplomat, Tahseen Basheer, provided an overview
into Arab responses to U.S. policies as well as introducing me to a
very wide range of professionals involved in infl uencing foreign
policy. A generation of scholars and journalists owe him a profound
debt of gratitude for his assistance and direction. Ambassador Clovis
Maksoud was similarly generous in sharing his vast knowledge and
experience in the fields of diplomacy and foreign policy. Many
other individuals involved with lobbies and pressure groups shared
their inside knowledge and perceptions, but preferred to speak off
the record.
Sally Marks is one of the main “angels” who persistently, but ever
so gently, prodded me to complete the research and to synthesize
the material into what hopefully is a cogent whole. However, all
errors are mine alone. A round of applause is owing to Roger van
Zwanenberg and Rebecca Wise of Pluto Press for their suggestions
and editorial advice and to Martha Wade of Wade Management for
her knowledge of all things musical. Finally, a standing ovation goes
to Donald Burke, who is simply the best.
vi
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