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A
FTER
THE
W
AR
NATION-BUILDING FROM
FDR TO GEORGE W. BUSH
J
AMES
D
OBBINS
, M
ICHELE
A. P
OOLE
,
A
USTIN
L
ONG
, B
ENJAMIN
R
UNKLE
Prepared for the Carnegie Corporation of New York
NATIONAL SECURITY
RESEARCH DIVISION
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The research described in this report was sponsored primarily by a grant
from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and was conducted under the
auspices of the International Security and Defense Policy Center within the
RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts
research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint
Staff, the Unified Commands, the defense agencies, the Department of
the Navy, the Marine Corps, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Intelligence
Community, allied foreign governments, and foundations.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
After the war : nation-building from FDR to George W. Bush / James Dobbins ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8330-4181-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. United States—Foreign relations—1945–1989—Case studies. 2. United States—
Foreign relations—1989–—Case studies. 3. United States—Military policy—Case
studies. 4. Nation-building—Case studies. 5. Intervention (International law)—Case
studies. 6. Democratization—Case studies. I. Dobbins, James, 1942–
E840.A5895 2008
973.92—dc22
2008019408
Cover photo credits (clockwise from top left): Soviet Union Premier Josef Stalin, U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt (center), and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sit at the Teheran
Conference in the capital of Persia, Iran, on November 28, 1943 (AP Photo); President Harry S.
Truman riding through Berlin, Germany, July 1945, courtesy of the Harry S. Truman Library/
National Archives; U.S. President George W. Bush and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki
speak to the press during their meeting in Baghdad, June 13, 2006 (AP Photo/Ahmad al-Rubaye);
U.S President Bill Clinton addresses students at the Treca High School in Sarajevo, which he visited
following the stability pact summit in the Bosnian capital, July 30, 1999 (AP Photo/Susan Walsh).
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®
is a registered trademark.
Cover design by Carol Earnest
© Copyright 2008 RAND Corporation
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e essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the
observer—often, indeed, to the decider himself. . . . ere will
always be the dark and tangled stretches in the decision-making
process—mysterious even to those who may be most intimately
involved.
—John F. Kennedy, foreword to eodore Sorenson,
Decision-Making in the White House: e Olive
Branch and the Arrows
, [1963] 2005
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iii
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Preface
Beginning with the post–World War II occupations of Germany and
Japan, the United States has undertaken eight significant nation-
building operations over the past 60 years. e planning for postwar
nation-building in Germany and Japan began under President Frank-
lin D. Roosevelt and was carried out under President Harry S. Truman.
Subsequent operations during the post–Cold War era were initiated
and conducted by President George H. W. Bush and President Wil-
liam J. Clinton, respectively. e United States has subsequently taken
the lead in post–September 11, 2001, nation-building under President
George W. Bush in Afghanistan and Iraq. In each of the eight cases
presented here, presidential decisionmaking and administrative struc-
ture have, at times, worked in favor of the nation-building goals of the
U.S. government and military and those of its coalition partners and
allies. In other cases, these elements have hindered the achievement of
these goals or have had negative effects on nation-building outcomes.
is monograph assesses the ways in which the management styles
and structures of the administrations in power prior to and during
nation-building operations affect the goals and outcomes of such oper-
ations. It also evaluates the nature of the society being reformed and of
the conflict being terminated. e findings presented here should be
of interest to policymakers and others interested in the history of U.S.
nation-building, lessons learned from these operations, and the out-
comes of U.S. involvement in rebuilding various types of societies.
is research was conducted within the International Security and
Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Divi-
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